Poverty a retrospect of beliefs with the wrong reality Essay

As youngsters we see life through an alternate arrangement of eyes than others, and we acknowledge the truth of our environmental factors by how others judge us. We were the poor children of the area and the others kids let us realize that. My folks separated from when I was 5 and things were unpleasant for my mom with 3 children to raise on government assistance. We thought we had it awful. Here and there, we didn’t know where the following dinner was originating from or who was going to help if things deteriorated; I recall that we would remain in line to get the food box for the month. Mother would assemble dinners and afterward she would leave for a little while at once, being out and about working for the Roller Derby. We never knew who our sitters would have been or on the off chance that they were going to treat us with a pride and regard. Ordinarily we assumed control over issues and disposed of them and others simply left, since we were not generally the best acted kids on the planet, and we were consistently in a difficult situation. The cops would bring us home at any rate 3 times each week for doing some insane thing in the area, or taking something from the nearby store to eat. Sooner or later the cops and the storekeepers would simply inquire as to whether we had something to eat or if there was something that we required. Those were the days when individuals came together and help other people that were less lucky, and we certainly required the assistance. Our cousins lived in Firestone Park, a suburb of Los Angeles. They had a portion of similar impediments to defeat aside from they didn't have the network bolster that we got. My auntie was a single parent and didn't get food stamps. As I recollect now on the contrast between our lives, and the hindrances they confronted contrasted with our own, we had it made. We confronted difficulties similarly as they did; I have been in a correctional facility ordinarily in my life. Both I and my more seasoned sibling had mediations that transformed us. My sibling discovered that the best way to change his life was to change his condition and search for different approaches to help himself and his family than drugs. There were no food boxes accessible to my cousins and the cops were not as excusing as they were in our neighborhood; the cops took my cousins to adolescent lobby. There is one distinction between my cousins and my family; they were half high contrast. They were not taken a gander at with indistinguishable thoughtful eyes from us and they informed us regarding the manner in which they were treated by the individuals of the city, and putting all of you in jail was the best way to take care of the issue. From right off the bat in their lives, they needed to confront the brutal reality that they were not regarded equivalent to others even in their own locale. Being called names by different children in the area, they needed to battle regular just to win regard and they turned into the aggressors. They did things that we never thought of at our age, however that was the live they lived. My cousins went to adolescent lobby right off the bat, and when they would get out, it didn't take long for them to be bolted up once more. One of my cousins has spent more than 3/fourth of his life in the slammer, and that is the main life he knows. We had put in several days to a great extent in adolescent corridor where they went through months all through their high school years. They didn't have indistinguishable sort of caring network individuals from we did in our little piece of the world; being a major city, wrongdoing was a lifestyle for kids there. There were very few alternatives for the youngsters and joining a group and the truth of death was only an ordinary piece of life. Medication misuse was pervasive and my cousins exceeded expectations in the life of wrongdoing. On the off chance that it had not been for the YMCA in our locale and the individuals that were put into our lives, things for us could have been similarly as it was for my cousins. Both of my siblings have been in prison once or twice, aside from my most youthful sibling who is spending a mind-blowing remainder in jail. He was condemned to 25 to life, 25 to life and 18 years for wrongdoings he was associated with 1994. I moved away from Stockton, California in 1996. My more seasoned sibling moved away quite a long while after I did and he currently lives in Waldport, Oregon. He is an all around regarded some portion of the network. My excursion started in 1995, in the wake of enduring a respiratory failure behind an overdose of Methamphetamine; I realized that I expected to change my life when I woke from the extreme lethargies, and the charges that I was looking from running from the law for more than 2 years. The appointed authority whom I went before gave me out, yet the street was not going to be simple. I needed to finish a medication program, settle up the entirety of my fines and go to child rearing classes. My children had endured long enough; they needed to manage every one of my addictions, the taking, lying and cheating. It would have been a fight, yet I was eager to do what it was going to take to return my life destined for success. The appointed authority took a gander at me and let me know â€Å"that on the off chance that you don't finish this program and do all the necessities that I have presented, that I would confront 15 to 20 years in a row time†. Because of the Veterans Administration and a Stockton Sheriff named Officer Garcia, the appointed authority was going to give me a possibility of a lifetime. The entirety of the charges against me were to be dropped, and my records fixed and I would have a new beginning throughout everyday life. The appointed authority said it was against his better judgment to give me this chance, however I had many individuals ready to give me a possibility. He was anticipating putting me in a correctional facility. My cousins never had any sort of chances, for example, the one I was given and they were hoodlums and they would be rebuffed to the full degree of the law. The entirety of my cousins are in jail forever as a result of 3 strikes law. One of my cousins was not all that fortunate; He was shot and executed by the Los Angeles police that said he had pulled out a firearm yet none was ever found. They called it reasonable shooting, otherwise called coerce by affiliation. I glance back at a mind-blowing occasions and understand that we were not poor using any and all means contrasted with different families in the Los Angeles zone. The open doors we had been given were not there for them and in spite of the fact that we carried out a portion of similar wrongdoings, their discipline was increasingly serious. I would never envision being the place I am today. I express gratitude toward God for the individuals I have had in my life that gave me some alternate points of view and expectation that I could have more than I at any point longed for. I take a gander at how my cousins were raised and they way we were, and there are similitudes, however we had it simple contrasted with them. Being of two distinct nationalities and managing the ordinary worries of the enormous city life more likely than not been a weight that I don't know whether we would have endure. I should concede that life was not generally blushing and great, yet we generally had a rooftop over our heads and we probably won't have had the best dinners yet in any event we had one. I am appreciative to all the individuals I have had in my life that idea there was something to battle for and never let me surrender trust. I petition God for my cousins consistently and offer gratitude to the ruler for all that I have been given. Works Cited †. Howell, James, Decker, Scott H. â€Å"The Youth Gangs, Drugs, and Violence Connection Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, January 1999. U. S. Division of Justice. Boyz N the Hood Singleton, John. 1991. Columbia Pictures

Fred Bailey An Innocent Abroad(1) Exam case study Essay

Fred Bailey An Innocent Abroad(1) Exam contextual analysis - Essay Example So before wandering out on any venture, a worldwide undertaking director must do a total assessment of common, monetary, administrative, customary and specialized factors so he is better prepared to mitigate preliminaries presented with worldwide tasks (Varner, 2011). Investigation A careful examination of this case unveils an unsophisticated absence of culturally diverse information, Personality generalizing, miscommunication and poor dynamic capacity (Cheerla, 2010). Fred doesn't uncover a significant level of social mindfulness enough to recognize a portion of the observable social difficulties, which were consistent in indicating the best holes. Fred, the task supervisor culture is clearly unique in relation to that of Japan. This is critical to an organization generally execution since it incorporates the four social measurements, which are, feeling, time, force and thinking. Issues experienced by Fred during his gathering with subordinates mean correspondence issues (Deresky, 2 000). Having set out his arrangements for future heading of the organization office, he didn't get the ideal reaction from his Japanese associates. US is incomprehensibly individual situated (Briscoe et al, 2012). Individuals are foreseen to decide, and those choices are relied upon to be to the greatest advantage of the individual and their nearby family. Interestingly, Japan is a network arranged; network and additionally bunch intrigues take inclination over the benefits of people. This added to miscommunication issues among Fred and his new partners. In the first place, during the staff first gathering, he approached individuals for their individual conclusions on the most proficient method to improve things, and second, when he asked Tashiro, â€Å"what he thought† about the noteworthy undertaking being doled out to him. In the two circumstances, they were hesitant to reply and, when they answered, they gave dubious clarifications. To make progress, Fred would have welco med the gathering all in all to talk about thoughts and concoct a brought together gathering vision. Character generalizing was contributed by Fred absence of culturally diverse information (Nkomo et al, 2010). Foundation of genuine relations with collaborators is essential for Japanese. Representatives blend with one another casually outside of the workplace and these connections are taken into portrayal when settling on proficient choices. Fred needed to look after power, yet make a relationship that would join all staff. On his appearance, he loose for two days at home at that point made a beeline for work where he plainly expected power. He didn't set aside some effort to think about his partners outside the organization condition. In this manner, when he appointed the undertaking to an individual and energized him that he was deserving of the assignment required, that was generalizing from him. He moved toward the workers in a generic style and anticipated that them should be l ocked in on the grounds that the organization foreseen it. Absence of culturally diverse information was the reason for poor choices Fred made (Stroh, 2005). Depending on his American culture, he quickly sets out his proposition to the forthcoming Japanese customer and he anticipates that him should react right away. Fred was really didn't know about the significance of individual relationship in professional interactions in Japan during his planning and workforce gathering. In Japan, comfort during conferences is fundamental for progress. Absence of fundamental information on Japanese business condition; lead Fred to settle on poor choices even before he showed up in Japan. For example, his

The Columbia SIPA 2020 application is open COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

The Columbia SIPA 2020 application is open COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Our 2020 application is live. Click here to start your application now. The application process takes time and effort to fully complete. We recommend the following to stay informed and organized: 1. Subscribe to this Admissions Blog.  This blog is continually updated with information from SIPA admissions, students, alumni, and financial aid all of which will be helpful for this application process (and beyond). 2. Add the application deadlines to your calendar.  All  materials must be submitted by the deadline to be considered for admission. MIA, MPA, MPA-DP Program Deadlines Spring 2020  (MIA/MPA only) October 15, 2019 at 11:59pm ET Fall 2020 Early Action Deadline: November 1, 2019 at 11:59pm ET Fellowship Consideration Deadline: January 5, 2020 at 11:59pm ET Final Application Deadline: February 5, 2020 at 11:59pm EST 3. Attend an  information session  or meet the SIPA community off-campus.  These sessions are available online and in-person, and the information sessions walk through each piece of the application, as well as best practices and common mistakes. We’re adding more events throughout the next few months, so check back on those calendars. If you want more advice or need guidance, email us at  sipa_admission@columbia.edu with questions. Be sure to read up on the  Frequently Asked Questions  first so we can be more efficient in helping you. Click here to get your application started.  We look forward to reading your completed application.

Newborn Screenings And A Systematic Framework - 1499 Words

Newborn Screenings and a Systematic Framework William Anderson MPH 603 Assignment #6 August 15,2016 Abstract Newborn genome screening is an issue that will becoming increasingly important in the coming decades. It has the potential to bring about many early diagnoses which could have a large impact on healthcare. This will only occur though if states can uniformly adopt a standard set of tests to be screened for. Equally important is the subject of uniformed consent. When we apply these variables to the 6 steps process we can fully compare the benefits and risks. This gives insight into taking the most appropriate actions in the future. Introduction The subject of newborn genome screening is one that is highly controversial. Everyone would agree though that newborn children should be protected, and given every opportunity to grow up to become healthy and strong. Screenings are a testing procedure which is done when a baby is first born, or within a couple days of birth. A small blood sample is collected from the baby’s heel; it is then sent to a lab for processing. The baby’s blood is then tested (screened)for a variety of diseases and medical conditions. These conditions include sickle cell anemia and other hemoglobin disorders; conditions where a child is unable to process certain nutrients (such asShow MoreRelatedpharmacoeconomic Essay14259 Words   |  58 PagesPharmacoEconomics (2013) 31:25–48 DOI 10.1007/s40273-012-0008-3 SYSTEMATIC REVIEW A Systematic and Critical Review of the Evolving Methods and Applications of Value of Information in Academia and Practice Lotte Steuten †¢ Gijs van de Wetering †¢ ` Karin Groothuis-Oudshoorn †¢ Valesca Retel Published online: 4 December 2012 Ó Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2012 Abstract Objective This article provides a systematic and critical review of the evolving methods and applicationsRead MoreCommunity Health Nursing Final Exam Study Guide Essay15874 Words   |  64 Pagesnature of a condition. (Early diagnosis, prompt treatment, and imitation of disability) -Supportive and emergency housing -Soup kitchens/meal sites -Targeted case management -Comprehensive physical/mental heath services -House subsidies -Screening people for depression Tertiary prevention efforts attempt to restore and enhance functioning. -Support of affordable housing -Promotion of psychosocial rehab programs -Involvement in advocacy groups for the mentally ill or homeless population Read MoreNursing Essay41677 Words   |  167 Pageseducation and deployment of the nursing workforce will require comprehensive data on the numbers and types of nurses currently available and required to meet future needs. Once an infrastructure for collecting and analyzing workforce data is in place, systematic assessment and projection of nursing workforce requirements by role, skill mix, region, and demographics will be needed to inform necessary changes in nursing practice and education. The ACA mandates the creation of a National Health Care WorkforceRead MoreOverview of Hrm93778 Words   |  376 Pagesaspects of a management position, including recruiting, screening, training, rewarding, and appraising etc. Individuals in an organization who direct the activities of others. Member of the organization performing the management function Motivation means to influence performance of others and to redirect the efforts in desirable direction by using different motivational tools that can help in fulfilling the mission of organization A systematic arrangement of people to accomplish some specific purposeRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesof the questions in turn. The sequencing of the chapters is therefore significant. We have sought to build the book’s argument in a cumulative way such that it will provide guidance in generating effective marketing performance within a strategic framework – once the reader has worked through each chapter in turn. Against this background we can specify the book’s aims as being: âž ¡ To make the readers aware of the major aspects of the planning and controlling of marketing operations âž ¡ To locate marketingRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesConsiderations 96 Public Policy Violation 96 Implied Employment Contract 96 Breech of Good Faith 97 PART 3 STAFFING THE ORGANIZATION Chapter 5 Human Resource Planning and Job Analysis 110 Learning Outcomes 110 Introduction 112 An Organizational Framework 112 ETHICAL ISSUES IN HRM: Competitive Intelligence 114 Linking Organizational Strategy to Human Resource Planning 115 Assessing Current Human Resources 115 Human Resource Information Systems 115 Succession Planning 116 Determining the DemandRead MoreAccounting Information System Chapter 1137115 Words   |  549 Pagesvouchers that allow members to redeem their accumulated points. Some 95% of all vouchers are redeemed.  · Cross marketing. Analysis of customer data allows Tesco to discover unique buying habits. For example, men who purchased diapers for newborns buy more beer than the normal male – presumably because they are more likely to stay at home and less likely to go out.  · Improved decision-making. Tesco has been able to make better decisions and set better company goals than ever beforeRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesaffect you as an individual. An understanding of statistical techniques will allow you to question and evaluate decisions that affect your well-being. Some examples are: ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   Many companies now require drug screening as a condition of employment. With these screening tests there is a risk of a false-positive reading (incorrectly indicating drug use) or a false-negative reading (failure to detect drug use). What are the consequences of a false result? Given the consequences, is the riskRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 Pagesprovides for the 15 following: 16 (A) HEALTH EDUCATION.—The dissemina- 17 tion of health information which addresses the 18 specific needs and health risks of employees. 19 (B) HEALTH SCREENINGS.—The oppor- tunity for periodic screenings for health prob- 21 lems and referrals for appropriate follow-up 22 measures. 23 rmajette on DSK29S0YB1PROD with BILLS 20 (2) EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT COMPONENT.— 24 An employee engagement componentRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pageschanges. We can t put the cart before the horse. Finney: I realize that, Sue, but we do have several MBA people working here at Hyten who have been exposed to project management. I think that if we start putting our heads together and take a systematic approach to this matter, we will be able to pull this project together nicely. 30 HYTEN CORPORATION Lyons: Well, Jason, I m glad to see that you are for formal project management. We will have to approach top management on the topic

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research by Essay example

In the research paper of â€Å"Examining the Interactive Effect of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Distress Tolerance, and Gender on Residential Substance Use Disorder Treatment Retention† which is written by Matthew T. Tull, Kim L. Gratz, and Scott F. Coffey, University of Mississippi. Researchers conducted a research about how PTSD-SUD diagnosis affect on residential SUD treatment completion(Tull, 2012;Gratz, 2012;Coffey,2012 p.763). Aside from the researches leaded by professors at University of Mississippi, there are previous researches showing the co-occurrence of PTSD among SUD patients is clinically relevant, because there are more server negative cilinnical outcomes among SUD patients with(vs. without) PTSD, including quicker†¦show more content†¦The age of the participants are in the range from 18 to 61, with a average age of 36. Among these participants, 55% were white, 36% were black/African American, 5% were Native American, and 4% were another races.(Tull, 2012;Gratz, 2012;Coffey,2012 p.765) The majority of the participants were single, which is 70% of the participants. And 47% of the participants have a annual income below $10,000. With regard to their educational backgrounds, 27% did not complete high school or receive a GED, 35% had completed high school or received a GED, 39% had attended at least some college or technical school which 7% of them had successfully graduated. Researchers assessed participants with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale(CAPS;Blake et al.,1990.) in order to establish current PTSD diagnoses. They were also interviewed with SCID-IV (First et al., 1996) to provide an assessment of current Axis I disorders (other than PTSD), and the borderline personality disorder (BPD) module of the Diagnostic Interview for DSM–IV Personality Dis- orders (DIPD-IV; Zanarini, Frankenburg, Sickel, Young, 1996) to assess the presence of current BPD symptoms (Zanarini et al.,2000). Researchers also used the Paced Audi tory Serial Addition Task-Computerized Version(PASAT-C) to assess DT. During the PASAT-C, numbers shows up on a computer screen, and participants are instructed to add the most recent number with the previous number. After providingShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Treatment Of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder1663 Words   |  7 Pagesgive informed consent for the study, or any opposition from the subjects doctor for an interview to be conducted. To make sure that none of the subjects in the study already had Posttraumatic Stress Disorder they had to be evaluated for having it. The ones who met the criteria for having already had Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and the ones who refused to take the evaluation, were not allowed to be a part of the study and were not analyzed. After a screening of patients and a review of medical recordsRead MoreSymptoms And Diagnosis Of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder1197 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Æ' Introduction Posttraumatic stress disorder is a mental illness most commonly associated with soldiers, this is due to the fact that it is an illness triggered by immense trauma such as experiencing a war. However why does everyone that go to war or experience something traumatic not obtain posttraumatic stress? I believe that there are neurological abnormalities prior to experiencing the trauma that makes certain individuals more susceptible to obtaining posttraumatic stress. These abnormalitiesRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Essay945 Words   |  4 Pages Posttraumatic stress disorder is one of the most common and most life altering stress disorders in the world (Seedat, 2013). After going through traumatic events, many children, teenagers and elderly people show symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. It is caused by a traumatic event that alters a person’s every day life. The people suffering from this disorder start to show symptoms with small things that bother them from day to day such as getting angry and taking it out on their family,Read MoreThe Long Term Effectiveness Of Prolonged Exposure Therapy1017 Words   |  5 Pagessuicidal ideations and sexual dysfunction. Individuals may also indicate feelings of vulnerability, loss of control, fear, shame, self-blame, societal blame and stigma (Russell Davis, 2007; Regehr et al., 2013; Ullman Peter-Hagene, 2014). This research proposal intends to explore the long term effectiveness of Prolonged Exposure Therapy (PE) at reducing distress and trauma explicitly for adult v ictims of sexual assault and rape. Prolonged exposure (PE) is a specific exposure therapy program thatRead MoreChildhood Cancer Essay1649 Words   |  7 Pagesadolescence at the time of initial cancer diagnosis will be more like to display PTSD symptoms than other childhood cancer survivors. For the purpose of this research, long-term is defined as three plus years after completion of the cancer treatment. Comorbidity is defined as having either a secondary physical illness and/or a mental disorder diagnosed prior to the initial cancer diagnosis. Psychosocial risk factors are identified as lower quality of life post cancer treatment (diminished emotionalRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay1259 Words   |  6 PagesPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects many individuals in the United States. This paper focuses on individuals who survived hurricane Ike and Katrina and as a result, suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder. PTSD can affect an individual for a couple of weeks to a few years after the exp osure. People who suffer from PTSD can also suffer from depression and substance use (Odonnell Forbes, 2016). The period after a natural disaster can also feed the negative feelings that come with PTSDRead MoreThe Effects Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder On A Family1183 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder on a Family The symptoms of Post-traumatic stress can vary from patient from patient. Most common symptoms are flashbacks, hyper arousal and avoidance. The first article is â€Å"Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Adolescent Survivors of Childhood Cancer and Their Families: A Randomized Clinical Trial.† In this article the researchers put together a random wait list control trial. They would have an intervention with the family of a cancer survivorRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay1069 Words   |  5 PagesWhere we are born, how we are raised, and how we interpret life varies. However, once in every few generations, a stressful and disturbing event happens in a child’s life that could have a great impact on him and his future. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental disorder that results from experiencing or witnessing an extremely traumatic or tragic event that extends beyond one’s coping capacity. People with PTSD usually have frightening t houghts or vivid memories or dreams of that event.Read MorePosttraumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1260 Words   |  6 PagesPosttraumatic Stress Disorder In today society, many people go through many tragic events in a life time. One of the most common disorders is posttraumatic stress disorder. This disorder is can be exposed to violent events such as rape, child abuse, war, domestic violence. This disorder thought to be only on war veterans who have been involved in combat. But this disorder is not only limited to soldiers but to any person. Anybody can go through posttraumatic stress disorder who has had horribleRead MoreThe Effects Of Eye Movement Reprocessing And Desensitization1596 Words   |  7 Pages Lone Star College - CyFair The Effects of Eye Movement Reprocessing and Desensitization in Posttraumatic Stress Victims Kaitlyn Schenk PSYC 2301.5012 Laura Renee October 19, 2016 An estimated 5.2 million adults will suffer from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) every year. Every PTSD victim encounters different experiences and symptoms that coincide with their trauma. Many forms of treatment and coping mechanisms have been attempted in the past decade to produce relief. There have

Effects of Dota Free Essays

Computer Game Addiction â€Å"Responsible gaming is an attitude we need if we are engage into Computer Game. Developing this attitude is not a personal choice alone, it requires the participation of society (parents, school, game developer and government). â€Å" As a computer game user,player and fan, it has led me to study the effects of playing computer games such as DOTA, KHAN, and other highly innovative and competitively graphical games. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Dota or any similar topic only for you Order Now The purpose of the study was to establish an understanding of to what extent is the effect of playing online games, network games and other types to the studies of the students in the university where I graduated. While it was difficult to set a parameter of classifying games according to types and quality since I and my friend believed that the characteristics of the games have something to do with the addiction of students to playing, we thought that it would be safe to just assume games as if have the same characteristics even though these games are under of different types and of the different level of complex graphical presentation, level of real-time experiences, the plot of story it is trying to project and a lot more qualities. Thus, if we quantify the effects then assumption holds that each game that we have studied has a relatively the same impact to students considering its character/quality. However, the extent of its impact is relatively different when we talk about the degree of variation to students experiences towards gaming. This shows therefore that in studying game addiction, it requires a rigid classification and parameter identification to clearly qualify and quantify the impact of this activity to the life of students and Human in general. I encountered several unique experiences when we did the study, and it has given me knowledge on the magnitude of effects whether it is health, study, social, and family and even money issues. One of result says that female players is exactly the same compared to male players when it comes the time of engagement to games. This means that women has started playing games as early as 4 years old as the time of engagement of men revealed, and they women also spent closely 5 to 8 hrs on the average everyday just like men does. † The proceeding discussion will talk about the games, the different types of game and the hundreds available game in the market. Posted on Tuesday, 17. 02. 09 @ 10:55 PM How to cite Effects of Dota, Essay examples

Comparing Data Science Project Management -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Comparing Data Science Project Management? Answer: Introduction The project mainly reflects on the project management methodologies, which are mainly defined as a combination of logical related methods, processes, as well as practices that are generally determined for planning, developing as well as controlling the project throughout the continuous implementation process until proper completion and termination (Galvan et al., 2015). It is identified in order to gain proper understanding on the methodologies of project management, 10 weeks of study has been conducted. The study that has been undertaken on the project management methodologies have helped me to understand various process of project management that are important for making the project effective as well as compatible as per the requirements of the client. This report mainly comprises of three learning outcomes, which has been generally set during the starting of this course. It is identified that proper discussion based on the learning outcomes have been added in order to complete the report. In addition to this, the report comprises of 10 portfolios on the project management methodologies in order to reflect on the significance of project methodology. Explain reasons why organisations adopt Project Management Methodologies It is identified that organizations generally adopt project management methodologies within the project in order to manage it effectively. Utilization of proper project management methodology mainly helps in planning, executing, monitoring as well as in managing the risks that are associated with the project effectively (Saltz Crowston, 2017). It is found that proper use of project management methodologies assists in effective planning and control, effective decision-making, controlling project scope, better resolution of problem, controlling costs as well as re-saving time and money of the project. The benefits of project management methodologies include: Effective decision-making: Proper clarity of roles and responsibilities of the different project stakeholders helps in enabling effective decision-making procedure. Re-saving time and money: It is identified that having proper as well as clear roadmap for re-saving time and money can be gained by using proper project management methodologies (Joslin Muller, 2016). Better problem resolution: It is identified that project management methodologies assists in managing the risk processes of the project so that the risks does not create challenges for the project. Critically analyse the impact of Project Management Methodologies upon stakeholders According to Belcher and Sanger, (2017), project stakeholders are generally defined as a group of person or people who generally reflects their interests within the project for gaining insight as well as for gaining profit from project turnover. It is identified that they are mainly responsible for the outcome of the project and in addition this, they are also get affected due to the outcome of the project. A negative impact generally occurs on the stakeholders helps in deciding the organization to cut project costs from the project stakeholders. The use of project management methodologies on project stakeholders assists in managing their operations as well as functions so that they can work effectively for making the project successful. The project management methodologies creates number of impact on the project stakeholders and the impact that is created are as follows: Better performance: The use of project management methodologies helps the project stakeholders to function effectively within the project (Chi, Bunker and Kajewski, 2016). Better decision making: Proper use of project management methodologies assists the project manager to make proper decision for making the project successful. Better problem resolution: Due to the use of project management methodologies, the project stakeholders can be able to manage the problems that are associated with the project effectively (Berge-Thierry et al., 2017). Explain and justify the major elements of a Project Management Methodology that might meet the needs of an organisation It is identified that there are nine elements of project management methodology that are helpful in meeting the needs as well as requirements of the project (Schwalbe, 2015). The identified nine elements are mainly responsible of determining the success factor of the project management implementation. It is found that each of the nine elements is quite essential for the success of the project. The nine elements that help in determining the success of the project are as follows: Predefined milestone as well as life cycle of the project timeline Stable project requirements Proper definition of the organization as well as system in order to follow the roles of each of the project Assuring proper quality of work (McDermott, 2016) Analysis of proper commitment within the project team Assuring highest quality of project management work Taking appropriate decisions on the project Proper timely management of issues as well as risks that are associated with project Proper authorization of project work for controlling the changes within the project Discussion and Conclusion Throughout 12 weeks of learning about project management methodologies, I have understood the fundamental knowledge of project management methodologies. Depending on the learning outcomes of the project the entire report on project management methodologies is completed. Proper explanation of each of the learning outcomes on the project management methodologies assists in providing proper information on the significance of the project methodologies. Proper utilization of project methodologies is mainly recommended to the companies for maintaining proper workflow of the system. The utilization of methodologies is helpful in planning, executing as well as monitoring the entire project successfully. From the entire report, we have concluded that project management methodologies play a significant role in managing the project successfully. The learning outcomes of the project reflect proper understanding of the project. In addition to this, it is identified that the portfolio that are demonstrated in the appendix displays the analysis that is conducted in order to understand the significance of project management methodologies. References Belcher, W. R., Sanger, D. (2017). The Roque Island Archaeological Project, Maine, USA: Methodologies and Results.Journal of the North Atlantic,10(sp10), 126-142. Berge-Thierry, C., Svay, A., Laurendeau, A., Chartier, T., Perron, V., Guyonnet-Benaize, C., ... Richard, B. (2017). Toward an integrated seismic risk assessment for nuclear safety improving current French methodologies through the SINAPS@ research project.Nuclear Engineering and Design,323, 185-201. Chi, S., Bunker, J. M., Kajewski, S. L. (2016). A review of project evaluation methodologies to address net impacts and risks of toll road projects to the community. Galvan, S., Mora, M., OConnor, R. V., Acosta, F., Alvarez, F. (2015). A compliance analysis of agile methodologies with the ISO/IEC 29110 project management process.Procedia Computer Science,64, 188-195.. Joslin, R., Mller, R. (2016). The impact of project methodologies on project success in different project environments.International Journal of Managing Projects in Business,9(2), 364-388. McDermott, K. A. (2016).A mixed methods study: Evaluating the relationship of project manager competencies and it project management methodologies(Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University). Saltz, J., Crowston, K. (2017, January). Comparing data science project management methodologies via a controlled experiment. InProceedings of the 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Schwalbe, K. (2015).Information technology project management. Cengage Learning.

Discourse in Othello Essay Example

Discourse in Othello Paper Language Is, arguably, the primary defining feature that separates humanity from the rest of the animal kingdom. It has allowed the classification of our known universe. And the subsequent formation of an abstract body of collective intelligence. Language also has the power to persuade and seduce, which has resulted in a dynamic understanding of our feeling and emotions. Due to the fundamental function of language to Interpret and understand the complexities of our own social system, it follows that ways of speaking about specific ideas and beliefs are instrumental in the formation and manipulation of ideologies in such a system. In the context of Othello, Moor of Venice, discourse around gender works to both reinforce and challenge the dominant assumptions of patriarchal society through the normalization and empowerment of primary female characters. The Elizabethan era marked an interesting period in the history of gender dynamics. Although the role of women In society was still very limited, the highly Intelligent Queen Elizabeth Inspired a spike In womens education. Gender expectations were precise: men were the breadwinners and women raised the children and maintained the household. However, the era did witness the emergence of female artists; for example, female writers were often contracted to transcribe religious works, and a painter by the name of Leviathan Terrible was even contracted by Henry VIII, Mary and Elizabeth. The intellectually liberal Renaissance movement gained momentum during this time, and as the empires female figurehead became ever more revered, the affluent members of society hired private tutors to provide education for their wives and daughters as It was still unacceptable for women to attend school or university. We will write a custom essay sample on Discourse in Othello specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Discourse in Othello specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Discourse in Othello specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Women rarely had the money to fund their own education, with the exception of lethal heiresses and the monarchy, as they were unable to enter respected professions or inherit land titles. Due to an overarching belief that women were the weaker sex, It was considered Important for them to by looked after by a man; which resulted in marriage being the unquestioned goal of all girls. Despite many depictions of abusive marriages at the time, it was expected that while the man was the head of the relationship, his role was to care for the woman. Should she need chastising, he was never to be cruel or harm her; and abuse resulted In prosecution. Its important to understand these social conditions when analyzing the position of women in Othello, as the dynamics of gender inequality are a direct result of the context in which they exist. As a result of misogynistic discourse In the play, the female characters are marginals; portrayed as uncontrollable, deceiving, dishonest, and unfaithful. The censorship of female action by men who own them is made clear by the questioning of female virtue and honesty; fathers, from hence trust not your daughters mulled By what you see them act. Othello claims that the curse of marriage Is that [men] an call these delicate creatures [theirs], and not their appetites! This language clearly positions women as innately promiscuous objects to be owned, in this case by I OFF were comparable too dogs in regards to their lack of control, however the pairing with delicate implies some form of desirability. Such language constructs women as pretty, fickle beings, which continues to reinforce their inferior position as slaves to their mans impulses. Emilie initially supports this assumption by enabling Lagos fantasies by stealing Adhesions handkerchief, claiming that that My wayward Cubans hat h a hundred times wooed me to steal it ND I nothing, but to please his fantasy. The roots of such assumptions find themselves firmly planted in The Bible, where the beautiful Eve was not only created at the whim of Adam, but her inability to resist temptation was to blame for his subsequent suffering. These misogynistic themes are echoed in Adhesions self-proclaimed divided duty to noble father and noble Moor, as well in the suggestion that Othello fall from grace is all because of Adhesions suggested inability to resist Cassias seduction. Gags intentioned accusation of her as the cunning where of Venice unjustly vilifies her, and ultimately results Othello deciding that she must die, else shell betray more men. This is supported by Dampen Callaghan writing in Women and Gender in Renaissance Tragedy that makes the point that misogynistic discourse leads, directly or indirectly, to the death of the female. The kind of language she is referring to is no more evident that in the momen ts preceding Adhesions death, when Othello refers to her as perjured woman, strumpet, where, false, a liar, and foul. The play questions the sexual morality of women right from the beginning, and the plot is centric to the assumption that one can easily be framed to make women false; which is reinforced by by Lagos accusation that women are players in your housewifely, and housewives in your beds, meaning that they are more dedicated to sexual pursuit than to the duties of the marital house. These beliefs, although shocking to modern audiences, were accepted without question at the time of production because Elizabethan ideology was saturated with patriarchal and misogynistic assumptions. It seems illogical that the women in Othello, who express themselves as virtuous, independent, and articulate despite their normalization, would put up with such extreme treatment without some sort of objection. Shakespearian works are renowned for the avocation of movements that were controversial at the time; and although Othello provides copious examples of womens submission to the dominance of patriarchal views, the female characters do express their desire for gender equality. In such times, the tone of their dialogue changes from submissive to empowered, which Just shows how remarkable the power of language is in repeating ideas and beliefs. For example, Desman demands to accompany Othello to the battleground of Cypress, claiming that its her rite of love, not duty, as a wife to accompany her husband to war. Her decisive language represents the independent personalities of the female minority at the time that objected to blatant objectification and suppression by the patriarchy. At one of the most shocking moments of the play, when Othello strikes his wife, she does not revert to self-blame as in the majority of the play, and instead defends her virtue by decisively stating, I eve not deserved this. However it is Emilie who serves as the best example of a when complaining to Ago that Othello has borrowed Desman, saying that A beggar in his drink could not have laid such terms upon his called and condemning the cogging, cozening slave who she blames for having devised this slander. This example of strong, empowered language is the first indication that she doesnt conform to the subservient woman expectation, and she continues to defend Adhesions virtue to her dying breaths; saying that she was chaste. Towards the inclusion of the play, she goes farther than any other character to subvert the dominant misogynistic discourse, and advocates for the consideration of gender equality. L do think it is their husbands faults if wives do fall she says, Let husbands know their wives have sense like them. This is the only time in the play where female characters dominate the stage for a significant about of time, free to speak without the constraints of patriarchal expectation. They challenge the cultural stereotype of women as graceful and devoid of the typically masculine traits; saying, why we have galls; and though we have some grace, yet we have some revenge. Although being vulnerable to violent temptations may not necessarily be desirable, to strip a gender of an entire human experience is degrading, and would have seriously contributed to the distorted power distribution that resulted in the unequal treatment of women in Elizabethan society. The discourse around gender in Othello, Moor of Venice works to both marginals and empower the primary female characters; which in turn presents conflicting presentations of Elizabethan society in terms of patriarchal dominance. For the majority of the play, the women of the text are excluded from the use powerful discourse, and hence are constructed as mindless conformations to the archetype of the victimizes Elizabethan woman. They are treated like objects to be owned by the dominant male characters, and are vilified as a result of unfounded, misogynistic slander. Additionally, the apparently unpredictable and uncontrollable nature of female sexuality is seen to undermine male authority, eliciting further discrimination. Although attempts are made by women to assert their rights as equals through the adoption of a more powerful discourse, it is either ignored, or only done in an exclusively female environment; which does nothing to challenge either their normalization or the assumptions of patriarchal dominance. As a modern audience, we can appreciate this injustice; however such a suggestion was ground breaking in Shakespearean time. As such, it is evident that the treatment of gender bias in Othello establishes the play as typical the Elizabethan era, but also revolutionary in its suggestion that society should function in any other way.

Police Brutality Essays - Police Brutality In The United States

Police Brutality Essays - Police Brutality In The United States Police Brutality Racism and police brutality goes hand in hand, and causes a major concern in today's society, in the United States. On March 3, 1991 in California, Rodney King an African American, was pulled over after a high-speed chase, and after stopping was beaten by four white police officers (Worsnop 635). Tracy Brock also an African American was arrested in Manhattan in November of 1986. An officer smashed his head through a plate glass window, when Brock refused to go into the officers lunchroom (Police Brutality and Excessive Force in the New York City Police Department 14). Ki Tae Kim a Korean grocer was assaulted when he was accused of passing a counterfeit bill. He was punched in the face, his head was slammed into the counter, and the officer also subjected him to racial slurs (Police Brutality and Excessive Force in the New York City Police Department 17). Marcos Maldonado a Latino grocer was mistaken for a suspect after an armed robbery to his store. He was handcuffed, thrown to the f loor, repeatedly kicked, and beaten with the officers nightstick (Police Brutality and Excessive Force in the New York City Police Department 17). Abner Louima a Haitian immigrant was arrested outside a dance club in Brooklyn, and was brutally assaulted when he arrived at the police station. Volpe a long time police officer was accused of shoving a plunger into Louima's rectum so far that his bladder and intestines were lacerated. Then he shoved the plunger into Louima's mouth and broke his teeth (Steinback 8). These are just a few examples of the people who were affected of police brutality, and racism. There are five stages through which force can progress and lead to brutality: Verbal persuasion, unarmed physical force, force using non-lethal weapons, force using impact weapons and deadly force, which most of the officers mentioned before fell into this stage. The deadly force stage is only to be used only when an officers life or another persons life is in danger. The deadly for ce stage should be terminated, if not made illegal in the United States. By having the deadly force stage, by law you are permitting someone to commit a murder, and basically saying that it is just. In many of the cases stated before these guidelines were violated, and stronger action was used on the citizen than necessary. The officers who were accused in these cases were charged with only minor offenses, and some were charged with nothing at all. Stronger action should have been enforced on the police officers that committed these crimes. All of these victims mentioned are from minority groups, and were harmed by white New York City police officers. In less than four years fifty -five people have died while in being in police custody, in the New York City Police Department (Police Brutality and Excessive Force in the New York City Police Department 8). This number compared to earlier statistics seems to be low, but still seems extremely high, for the rules and regulations the offi cers are supposed to be following. Should the Federal Government increase the punishment on law enforcement officials who brutally hurt citizens that are in custody, or under arrest? Many law enforcement officials appear to have a tough exterior towards crime, but are very sensitive to crime on the inside. Police officers build up negative feelings towards certain races, sexes, or religions. Officers tend to get the impression that if one or a few people treat them with disrespect, than other people of that same sex, race, or religion will treat the officer in the same way. It is has proven that less than five percent of all cops are the bad element, but if they other ninety five percent stand around and do nothing, then that is where the real problem lies (Worsnop 636). Another cause of police brutality and misconduct is the amount of stress that is put upon the law enforcement official. According to Robert Scully who is the president of the National Association of Police Organizations in Detroit, There obviously has to be some kind of stress factor at work in brutality cases because stress is an inherent part of policing.(Worsnop 636). A survey

National Curriulum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

National Curriulum - Essay Example The strategy required that students be given one hour of literacy classes on a daily basis. In other words, they were supposed to engage in reading and writing classed at any one time. (The BBC, 2009) While the latter strategy may seem like a good thing, there are certain concerns that have been raised about this issue with regard to the curriculum and lesson planning issues. However, before looking into some of these arguments it is essential to understand that there have been some positive outcomes in this regard. First of all, the literacy national strategy has led to better teaching of literacy skills through incorporation into the curriculum. Many experts argue that this may be one of the most important skills to be learnt from school by students. Additionally, the process of balancing the national curriculum with the national strategy is that it necessitated a massive training program for teachers consequently, leading to better knowledge with regard to the process of reading and writing. Through the national literacy strategy, there was a need to change the curriculum so as to incorporate new teaching aspects. For example, it has been found that aspects such as grammar and phonics (which had been previously left out) are now being put into consideration. It should also be noted that through the process of balancing the national curriculum with the national strategy, there have been greater amounts of resources that have been dedicated to primary education in the United Kingdom. In fact, experts assert that numerous schools within the region have restored their libraries and now boast of plenty of books which are now at teachers' and children's disposal. On top of the latter, there are many situations in which teachers have had to include activities and games in the lesson planning process thus making education more colourful and interesting for children. (DFES, 2006) However, it is not just these positive outcomes that have emanated from the latter strategy. In fact, it is a proven fact that whenever there is a government led project within the education sector, certain unintended consequences must emanate from it. For instance it is a big challenge for teachers to balance between three of the following aspects School league tables Targets Tests In the process of balancing between the national curriculum and national strategies, teachers have found that most of their time and attention has been driven towards the issue of tests instead of other learning issues. This matter is further compounded by the fact that there are high stakes in those tests. Most of the time, parents want to find out how their children performed and they usually use this issue as a criterion for success. In the end, the individual who suffers is the child who finds that their mind must always be on the tests. Learning then becomes a boring process for them. It can therefore be asserted that the aims for which these two aspects i.e. the national curriculum and the national strategy were intended in accomplishing actually end being sidelined. (Department for Schools, children and families, 2008) Most of the time, curriculum implementation needs to be done in such a manner that it allows for greater flexibility in the teaching and the learning process. However, the literacy national strategy eliminated this aspect through its rigorous and one size fits all strategy. The taskforce appointed to implement this aspect

Growth and Business Cycles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Growth and Business Cycles - Essay Example With inventory control, we are speaking about the promising factor that inventories do propagate and amplify other fluctuations. On the other hand, on the discussion of growth of services, we are instead speaking in regards to the significant fact that the decline of manufacturing and the rise of services should be helping to reduce volatility, this being mainly because the demand for services is usually more stable than demand for manufacturers. The factor of better governments is highly relevant to this positive point of view as well, in that most central banks have learned to manage the economy so well that "it is sometimes argued, that they have more or less abolished the cycle." (The Economist, London, Oct 23, 1999, Anonymous). Globalization is another crucial factor, and at least at first sense seems to make perfect sense and fit properly into the optimist's point of view. This is because increasing integration with the global economy reduces the dependence of the American economy on certain domestic demand, and "it also opens new channels of supply, reducing inflationary pressures on costs and wages." (The Economist, London, Oct 23, 1999, Anonymous). However, even with an optimistic p

Fe-AZT and Pd-AZT Synthesis and Effects

Fe-AZT and Pd-AZT Synthesis and Effects Synthesis and Effects of Fe-AZT and Pd-AZT on Viability of Human Hepatocytes and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells Submitted by: Anna Harutyunyan Introduction Cancer is one of the major causes of mortality in the world. In 2015, according to the National Cancer Institute, over 1.6 million new cases of cancer were reported in the United States. The estimated cancer deaths for the year of 2015 were over 500,000. According to the National Cancer Institute projections, in 2016 an estimated 1.7 million new cases of cancer were diagnosed in the United States and 595,690 people will die from the disease (National Cancer Institute). Although new cancer treatments and therapies are designed and implemented every year, cancer is still the number two cause of mortality in the United States, therefore developing and testing new effective anticancer agents is crucial. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the deadliest forms of cancers (Venook et al., 2010). The overall 5-year survival rate of HCC is less than 17%, making HCC the fastest rising cause of cancer related death in the United States (American Cancer Society 2016; Mittal and El-Serag, 2013). The annual age-adjusted incidence rates of HCC increased from 1.4 per 100,000 individuals in 1975-77 to 4.8 per 100,000 in 2005-07. An estimated 39,230 new cases of liver cancer (including intrahepatic bile duct cancers) were expected to occur in the US during 2016, approximately three-fourths of which would be hepatocellular carcinoma. An estimated 27,170 liver cancer deaths were expected in 2016 (American Cancer Society 2016). In 80-90% cases HHC occurs with and after cirrhosis. HCCs major risk factors are Hepatitis B and C viruses, cirrhosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), overconsumption of alcohol and exposure to other carcinogenic substances (Mittal and El-Serag, 2013). Liver ca ncer is the sixth most common neoplasm and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths, accounting for approximately 600,000 deaths annually (Venook et al., 2010). Because of early metastasis and progression, HCCs treatment is difficult, and traditional chemotherapy has shown limited success (Sabokrough et al, 2014). A research study published in 2015 suggested that an organometallic complex of platinum (II) azidothymidine (Pt (II)-AZT) has an antitumor effect on rat hepatocellular carcinoma cells. It was shown that this complex was significantly more effective in tumor suppression than the AZT without platinum (Sabokrough et al., 2014). Several organometallic complexes of AZT (with Zinc, Cobalt, Copper and Iron) were synthesized and characterized previously. The Iron complex of AZT (Fe-AZT) was shown to be the most stable (Shirvastav et al.) and have antimicrobial activity against 4 groups of bacteria. Electron rich ligands like AZT effectively bind and interact with metal ions producing metallodrugs which offer promising therapeutic application in terms of combating the drug-resistant strains of pathogens. It is also logical that a metal ion can influence the biological activity and therapeutic efficacy of the bio-molecule they bind (Shirvastav et al.) Thus it is useful to investigate the effect of a metal ion on the efficacy and mode of action of AZT in suppressing malignant cells and inducing apoptosis. To date, no research has been published regarding synthesis of Pd-AZT the inhibitory effect of both Fe-AZT and Pd-AZT on malignant cells. The aim of this research project is to synthesize Fe-AZT and Pd-AZT, confirm their structure and molecular mass and test their effects on viability of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells and normal human hepatocytes. Background Normal cell cycle In order to understand the biology of cancer it is crucial to understand the cell cycle of normal cells and cancerous cells. All cells in a given organism are under strict control of multiple regulatory agents, such as RB or p53 that control cell growth and keep the proliferative index stable. If there is a need for the cell to divide, the proliferative genes will turn on, or the suppressor genes that keep proliferation from occurring will be shut down, which will result in cell division (Hardin et al., 2014). The normal cell cycle consists of the following phases: G1, S, G2, M. During the G1 phase duplication of organelles, membrane systems and other important components happens. There is an important checkpoint at the end of this phase referred to as the restriction checkpoint, which verifies that DNA synthesis was successful and no errors have been detected. Next is the S phase during which the cell duplicates each chromosome. During the G2 the rest of the components that were not synthesized in the G1 phase are synthesized. A checkpoint after this phase makes sure the cell is ready to divide, and no errors in chromosome duplication were made. Mitosis is the next phase, when the cell physically divides (cytokinesis) making two identical daughter cells. A checkpoint during this phase checks if both of the daughter cells received the correct number of chromosomes. After division, the cell may remain in its silent G0 phase, when it does not divide, but continues to function. If any errors are detected on any of the checkpoints, the cell cycle is put on hold and the cell will undergo apoptosis. This process is governed my many enzymes and complexes, and theoretically, malfunction of any of these enzymes may result in uncontrolled cell division/proliferation. This can be the onset of carcinogenesis. Figure 1. The cell cycle phases with their checkpoints. Cancer cell cycle It is important to note that the normal cell cycle is under control of thousands of regulatory elements that are coded for by different genes. If mutations occur in the genes that code for the key elements keeping cell proliferation at bay, one level of control over the cell cycle is lost. There are cell signaling mechanisms through which immune cells detect faulty cells, send them death signals and the faulty cell undergoes apoptosis. It takes more than one mutation for a normal cell to start behaving like a cancer cell. Usually it is either the loss of the function of suppressor genes, or overexpression of proliferative genes that result in uncontrolled cell proliferation. When the cell becomes malignant, it loses the ability to respond to death signals, thus does not undergo apoptosis. The malignant cell cycle is slower than the normal cell cycle, however, since the cancer cells keep dividing and do not die, their number grows exponentially resulting in tumors (Weinberg, 2014). There is distinct cytological difference between normal and cancer cells (Figure 2). A normal cell has a smaller, regularly shaped nucleus, a low nucleus/cytoplasm ratio, is well differentiated and has well defined borders. Cancer cells have larger, irregularly shaped nucleus, high nucleus/cy toplasm ratio, are less differentiated and have irregular borders. In contract with normal cells that adhere to each other, cancer cells are less adhesive and break away from each other (Weinberg, 2014). Figure 2. The comparison of the cytology of normal cells and cancer cells. Azidothymidine (AZT), Fe(III)AZT, Pd(II)AZT Azidothymidine (AZT, Zidovudine) is a thymidine derivative in which the 3-hydroxy group is replaced by an azido group (Figure 3). It has been shown to have antitumor effects on different animal carcinoma cells both in vitro and in vivo through inhibition of telomerase activity and by causing cell cycle arrest (Gomez et al., 2012; Hadizadeh et al., 2014, Cooper and Lovett, 2011; Matteucci et al., 2015). Figure 3. Thymidine (left), Azidothymidine (right). Since cancer cells have higher proliferation rate than normal cells, their thymidine turnover rate is higher, which could contribute to their increased sensitivity to AZT. Several studies conducted by Fang et al., have shown that a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) is significantly more sensitive to AZT toxicity as compared to the normal hepatocyte (THLE2) sensitivity (Fang et al., 2014; Fang and Beland, 2009). The current hypothesis on how AZT affects the cell suggests that AZT is phosphorylated intracellularly yielding AZT-triphosphate and AZT-monophosphate. The AZT-monophosphate can be incorporated into the DNA structure instead of thymidine due to its similar molecular structure and shape. However, in contrast with thymidine, AZT lacks the 3 hydroxyl group which is the group that forms phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides in the DNA backbone structure. This means, wherever the AZT phosphate is incorporated in one of the DNA strands during DNA replication, the elongat ion of that strand halts (Figure 4). This is one of the mechanisms through which AZT causes damage to DNA (Fang et al, 2014). The commercial name of AZT is Zidovudine, and it is the basis of AIDS treatments. AZT blocks the replication of HIV-1 virus by competitively inhibiting the viral reverse transcriptase (RT). In other words, HIV RT prefers AZT to normal nucleotides. As described above, AZT is phosphorylated to AZT-triphosphate and is incorporated into viral DNA, halting nucleotide chain elongation. It is also known that AZT-triphosphate can be incorporated into eukaryotic DNA, although its affinity for DNA polymerases is lower than that for RT (Gomez et al, 2012). It was shown that Pt(II)-AZT is more effective in suppressing cancer cells than AZT, thus it has been suggested that having a transition metal bound to the central nitrogen atom of the azido group increases the complexs affinity for G-C and A-T base pairs and the P-backbone of DNA (Das and Pitre, 2007; Sabokrouh et al, 2015). Materials and Methods Fe-AZT and Pd-AZT synthesis To carry out the synthesis of Pd and Fe complexes, solid AZT and a standard ion solution of each metal (iron nitrate nonahydrate (Fe(NO3)3 ·9H2O and palladium chloride (PdCl2)) will be purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Synthesis will be performed according to the protocol by Das and Pitre (2007). A 1:1 molar ratio of aqueous solution of AZT and metal ion will be refluxed for 3 hours. The volume of the reaction mixture will be reduced by 75% in order for the complex to precipitate. The solid product will be vacuum filtered, washed twice with ice-cold water, recrystallized and air-dried overnight. Infrared absorbance spectra will recorded for the AZT, Fe-AZT and Pd-AZT complexes. In the experiment conducted by Das and Pitre (2007) the comparison of IR spectra of pure AZT and its complex with Fe, the spectrum indicated a shift in bands from 2170 to 2150 cm-1 due to complexation through N atom of azido group. A similar band shift in the IR spectrum of Fe-AZT and Pd-AZT is expected. A Matrix Assisted Laser Ioniation/Distortion Time-of-Flight (MALDI TOF) mass spectrometry analysis will be performed for the Fe-AZT and Pd-AZT to determine the molar mass and the stoichiometry of the complexes. The matrix for analysis will be composed of 1:1 saturated Anthranilic Acid and Nicotinic Acid (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). The samples and matrix will be dissolved in 45% acetonitrile: 55% water (van Kampen et al., 2004). Cell cultures HepG2, THLE2. Liver carcinoma cell line HepG2 and normal human liver cell line THLE2 will be obtained from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA). The standard protocol recommended by ATCC will be used for establishing and maintaining hepatic cell lines. The cell lines will be plated at a density of 5 x 103 cells/cm2. HepG2 cells will be cultured in DMEM with 10% fetal bovine serum and antibiotics (penn/strep). THLE2 cells will be cultured in LHC-8 medium with 70ng/ml phosphoethanolamine, 5ng/ml epidermal growth factor, 10% fetal bovine serum and antibiotics (Fang et al., 2009). After ensuring sufficient cell growth and several passages of each cell line, the two cell lines will be divided into 4 groups each: control (no treatment) and treated with each drug: AZT, Fe-AZT and Pd-AZT (Table 1). Table 1. The experimental setup of the control and experimental groups of cells. Control 1 (C1) THLE2 cell line (no treatment) Control 2 (C2) HepG2 cell line (no treatment) Experimental 1 (E1) THLE2 cell line+AZT Experimental 2 (E2) HepG2 cell line+AZT Experimental 3 (E3) THLE2 cell line+Fe-AZT Experimental 4 (E4) HepG2 cell line+Fe-AZT Experimental 5 (E5) THLE2 cell line+Pd-AZT Experimental 6 (E6) HepG2 cell line+Pd-AZT The cells in the treated groups will be further categorized by the concentrations of the drug. HepG2 cells will be incubated with 2, 20 or 100  µM aqueous solution of AZT, Fe-AZT or Pd-AZT for 14 days. THLE2 cells will be incubated with 50, 500 or 2500  µM aqueous solution of AZT, Fe-AZT or Pd-AZT for 14 days. Each group of cells will be seeded at 5 x 103 cells/cm2 density in 6-well plates. The cells will be passaged weekly during the two-week treatment period. The dosage and incubation time were chosen based on a similar study (Fang et al., 2013; Matteucci et al., 2015; Sabokrouh et al., 2015). Cell viability assay After 14-day treatment period, 103 106 cells from each group will be seeded in a 96-well plate, incubated for 4 hours, and treated with MTT reagent, followed by a 8-12 hours incubation at 37 °C. After the incubation with MTT, when the cells have metabolized the yellow tetrazolium dye (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) to purple formazan, the cells will be treated by a detergent to release the formazan into the solution, and the absorbance will be measured at 570nm using an ELIZA reader. The number of metabolically active cells will be determined using a previously made calibration curve. The statistical differences will be calculated using a Two-Way ANOVA and Tukeys Post-Hoc Test. Anticipated outcomes. The expected mass-to-charge ratio from mass spectrometry analysis of Fe-AZT complex is 323.1, that of Pd-AZT is 373.6. Based on the published literature and the adopted hypothesis, all three drugs are expected to decrease cell viability. The concentration of either drug should have positive correlation with decrease in cell viability. Based on previous observations, it is expected that the HepG2 cells will be significantly more sensitive to both complexes, thus will be significantly less viable after the treatment compared to the THLE-2 cells. Study Participants and Timeline Anna Harutyunyan is the primary author of this study. She is currently a senior biology and chemistry major at Wilson College. This project will serve as Annas senior research project. She will conduct the research and present the results with the supervision of her advisors Dr. Deborah S. Austin (Sponsoring PAS member) and Dr. M. Dana Harriger (PAS Member). The research study began in September 2016 and will be completed by April 2017. Annas research findings will be analyzed and written as her senior thesis. Anna will also present her findings at the 2017 Pennsylvania Academy of Science meeting and at the Wilson College research colloquium. Budget Item Price MTT Assay Kit (ThermoFisher) $235.00 Zidovudine (Sigma) $124.00 LHC-8 medium (Gibco) $140.00 Total $499.00 Facilities and Equipment The MALDI TOF mass spectrophotometer will be provided by Pennsylvania State College of Medicine Mass Spectrometry Facility under supervision of Bruce Stanley, PhD. All materials, other instruments, and equipment not listed, including cell culture media and supplies, will be provided by the Department of Physical and Life Science of Wilson College. References       American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts Figures 2016. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2016. Bilsland AE, Stevenson K, Liu Y, Hoare S, Cairney CJ, Roffey J, et al. (2014) Mathematical Model of a Telomerase Transcriptional Regulatory Network Developed by Cell-Based Screening: Analysis of Inhibitor Effects and Telomerase Expression Mechanisms. PLoS Comput Biol 10(2): e1003448. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003448 BIOL2060 Cell Cycle [Photograph found in Department of Biology Memorial University of Newfoundland]. (2015). In Hardin Bertoni (Authors). Retrieved March 30, 2016, from http://www.mun.ca/biology/desmid/brian/BIOL2060/BIOL2060-19/CB19.html Chen, Yi-Bin. Liver Cancer Hepatocellular Carcinoma: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. U.S National Library of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1 Aug. 2015. Web. 10 Apr. 2016. Cooper, D. L., Lovett, S. T. (2011). Toxicity and tolerance mechanisms for azidothymidine, a replication gap-promoting agent, in Escherichia coli. DNA Repair, 10(3), 260-270. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dnarep.2010.11.007 Das, R., Pitre, K. S. (september 2007). Bioinorganic studies on Fe (II)- zidovudine (azt) complex. Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, 14, 526-528. Retrieved February 20, 2016. Fang, J.-L., Beland, F. A. (2009). Long-Term Exposure to Zidovudine Delays Cell Cycle Progression, Induces Apoptosis, and Decreases Telomerase Activity in Human Hepatocytes. Toxicological Sciences, 111(1), 120-130. http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfp136 Fang, J., Han, T., Wu, Q., Beland, F., Chang, C., Guo, L., Fuscoe, J. (2014). Differential gene expression in human hepatocyte cell lines exposed to the antiretroviral agent zidovudine. Archives Of Toxicology, 88(3), 609-623. doi:10.1007/s00204-013-1169-3 Gomez, D. E., Armando, R. G., Alonso, D. F. (2012). AZT as a telomerase inhibitor. Frontiers in Oncology, 2, 113th ser. Retrieved March 11, 2016, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3434370/ Hadizadeh, S., Najafzadeh, N., Mazani, M., Amani, M., Mansouri-Torshizi, H., Niapour, A. (2014). 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International Business Essay

What is e-Bay’s core competency? How does it relate to its chosen strategy? e-Bay’s competencies lie in its software, which allows people to trade with little supervision. It also has competencies in dispute resolution, an automated item listing service, an online financial service and a communications platform. The integration of these allow e-Bay to have a more efficient and effective trading tool used and policed by the buyers and sellers in the site. What are the implications to the challenges identified in the case regarding e-Bay’s strategy today and the future? The challenge on translation software has the least amount of impact considering that even the users of the site are content with â€Å"pretty good.† An improvement in this area though, would make the service more reliable. Government regulation challenges are perhaps one of the most difficult. With new laws constantly passed in countries, some laws that touch on trade could prove a hindrance to e-Bay’s expansion and could restrict their operations. Unless the world becomes more open to the flow of goods, then e-Bay would constantly face problems. The digital divide is a less serious problem. With technology catching up to many countries and becoming more available and cheaper, it is only a matter of time before the internet becomes available to poor communities. Cultural attributes is one of the most problematic. Since beliefs take so much time to shape and that reactions are unpredictable, it is important for e-Bay to be able to make their strategies localized and adapt it to the current system. Finally, international expansion is an unpredictable challenge, but could prove successful if their users continue to support and trust the company for their trading needs. Which candidate should the committee nominate for the assignment? Why? The first choice would be Brett Harrison because of his experience in running line activities and supervisory staff and being rated as an excellent worker. More importantly, he has knowledge about the country which is one of the most important things in running the operations of the company there. If he doesn’t agree because of familial considerations, then, Ravi Desai should take his place, not only because of his knowledge of the country but also because he has experience in handling large operations. Should all the candidates receive the same compensation package? If not, which factors influence each package? The candidates should all receive the same principle in their compensation package: a common basic salary and a bonus dependent on their performance and contributions to the company.

Hamlet Act 5 Scene 5 Analysis Essay

Give me your pardon, sir. I’ve done you wrong. But pardon ’t, as you are a gentleman. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ That I have shot mine arrow o’er the house And hurt my brother. Since Hamlet somehow knows this fencing fight is not only a simple competition between him and Laertes, Hamlet understands that why Laertes needs to fight with him, which because Hamlet killed Polonius, who is Laertes` father, by accidentally. â€Å"I here proclaim was madness.† In terms of anagorisis, Hamlet tells Laertes that the murder was not done by Hamlet`s consciousness, but rather by his madness. In addition, this is the first time in the whole play since Hamlet knows the truth from the ghost and he acts straight, Hamlet convince that he is mad and acts stupidly (killed Polonius) consequently. Hamlet hopes that Laertes can understand it is not Hamlet`s fault or guilty of killing Polonius and removes himself from the responsibility. â€Å"If’t be so, Hamlet is of the faction that is wronged.† In terms of metaphor/personification, Hamlet indicates that he is the victim of his mental illness so that he was controlled by it and killed Polonius. â€Å"His mad ness is poor Hamlet’s enemy.† In terms of personification/analogy, for Hamlet, he thinks he is not the one who should be blamed or punished rather his madness should be blamed as Hamlet`s enemy. â€Å"Let my disclaiming from a purposed evil Free me so far in your most generous thoughts That I have shot mine arrow o’er the house And hurt my brother.† In terms of analogy, Hamlet hints at Polonius` spying in Gertrude`s closet when Hamlet killed him by using â€Å"a purposed evil† and describes Polonius was accidental killed by him by using â€Å"I have shot mine arrow o’er the house And hurt my brother†, which â€Å"the house† means Gertrude`s closet. Originally, Hamlet thought the guy who hid behind the curtain was Claudius, and Hamlet promised that if Claudius has done something badly, he must kill Claudius. However, he did not know the guy behind the curtain was Polonius instead of Claudius. Plus his madness, he killed Polonius immediately by mistake, which it is the same as  shoots a narrow and accidentally hurts Laertes (because Polonius died). Overall, in this soliloquy, Hamlet basically apologizes for how he has hurt Laertes, but agrees to the fight anyway because he is using it as his reason to murder Claudius to get his revenge.

Overview of Child Abuse - 1989 Words

A 19-year-old new mother, named Sheryl asked her boyfriend to watch her 8-month-old baby while she went shopping. Her boyfriend kindly agreed assuming that the baby would fall asleep, and he would continue watching the game. However like most newborn babies, Sheryl’s child was a little fussy and was crying. That caused Sheryl’s boyfriend to get annoyed and agitated. He went over to the baby, picked him up and shook him hard. When Sheryl came home she found her baby injured, unfortunately what happened to Sheryl’s baby it’s something that happens to many children in America every day. Child abuse is a very serious issue, that I believe has been neglected and we as a society haven’t done enough to protect these children. In this essay I†¦show more content†¦They can also be due to stabbing, kicking, shaking, and chocking. Physical abuse is the most common type of abuse. Physical abuse is very dangerous to newborns and children between the age s 1-5, because at that time children are not fully developed, both physically and mentally. Studies show that some parents’ especially new parents, who don’t want the child, get really frustrated and don’t realize or don’t care to realize, the amount of harm that they are causing. Shaking a child is one of the most common ways, which newborn babies or young children die. Shaking a child can cause brain damage, and internal bleeding. There have been discussions weather spanking is abuse, or just discipline. Many parents, actually about 80% of Americans don’t think there is anything wrong with spanking their children. That they believe, spanking to be an efficient and appropriate way of punishment. However many studies show that spanking isn’t an efficient way to punish a child that it just installs fear, and the child grows up believing that violence is the answer, that it is ok to use physical force when you see fit. Outlawing spanking in the United States would be very beneficial to both parents and children. Firstly it would save the lives of many children each year, but most importantly it would break this vicious cycle between people; this cycle that we as people feel the need to use violence in our daily lives to fix situations. Other countries, have outlawedShow MoreRelatedOverview and Effects of Child Abuse Essay1805 Words   |  8 PagesChild abuse in American today is amongst the most saddened topics of mankind. Many children are subjected to neglect and abuse on a daily basis. The sex and age of child makes no difference when it comes to child abuse.. Boys and girls are equally likely to suffer maltreatment. The problem is how often child abuse goes unreported. 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